The Effect Of Love By David Levithan - 1702 Words

â€Å"The Effect of Love† Every Day by David Levithan focuses on the protagonist A. Every Day is a fictional story that revolves around the interesting concept about the possibility of waking up in a new body every day. This obviously is impossible in real life but stimulates so many thoughts in the readers’ mind. This concept is what captures the readers’ eye and makes them want to read the novel immediately. A finds himself in this situation as he carefully goes through different peoples’ lives every single day. Rhiannon is just one of the people that A happens to stumble upon throughout his life as a drifter, an entity that switches bodies every day, and is quick to fall for her. Love plays a big role in the novel and can even be seen as the main conflict. The protagonist, A, from the fictional story, Every Day by David Levithan, increasingly becomes more and more reckless throughout the novel. As I stated before Every Day revolves around this unique concept about waking up in a new bo dy every day and this is the foundation of the novel. This unique concept creates an atmosphere of wonder and awe as the reader thinks of all the different possibilities they could achieve if he or she had this ability. Sadly these dreams are sometimes brought down because we see the sad lives A sometimes encounters throughout his life as a drifter. Every Day is a novel mixed with different kinds of emotions, these being humor, sadness, and even sympathy for our protagonist, A. The novel beginsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Betrayal In Boy Meets Boy1505 Words   |  7 PagesHumans are a simple species. For most, the single most desired entity amongst humans is to merely love and be loved, and while this seems as if it would be easily achievable, many things can stand in the way of this. One of these things is the act of betrayal. Betrayal has been considered to be one of the vilest transgressions someone could commit to someone close to them. According to the article Betrayal, Reje ction, Revenge, and Forgiveness: An Interpersonal Script Approach, â€Å"betraying anotherRead MoreWill Grayson, Will Grayson by by John Green and David Levithan642 Words   |  3 PagesWill Grayson, Will Grayson Will Grayson, Will Grayson is a collaboration young adult novel written by John Green and David Levithan. The book is set in Chicago, Illinois and the target audience are adolescents and young adults. The story is that of two boys with the same name, Will Grayson, who accidentally meet under awkward circumstances. The meeting of one Will Grayson with his namesake brings them together and has a great impact on their lives, as a whole. The chapters are split evenly betweenRead MoreAn Argument Of Visual Rhetoric1707 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresents about 0.3% of American adults. But there is still so much controversy on whether or not being a transgender or homosexual is okay. Many people think that it is okay to judge others by what they look like or whom they choose to fall in and out of love with. They also think it is okay to endanger the lives of those who they think don’t have the â€Å"right kind of mindset.† According to ovc.gov, â€Å"In 2009, 17% of all reported hate crimes against LGBTQ people were directed against those who identified themselvesRead MoreThe Samurais Garden and The Fault in Our Stars Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesGarden and John Green’s The fault in our Stars both reflect on beauty being in the eye of the beholder. At least two characters from each book have the most effect when it comes to dealing with beauty being in the eye of the beholder. As well as beauty being huge in both novels, many people don’t understand why each character end up falling in love with each other. These characters end up going through the toughest of obstacles throughout each book. Both novels are very inspiring to some p eople thatRead MoreJohn green Essay example6063 Words   |  25 Pagesexpelled. Alaska sets Pudge up with a girl, Lara. Pudge and Lara have a disastrous date, which ends with Pudge having a mild concussion and throwing up on Laras pants. Alaska and Pudge drink, smoke, and do many things together, causing him to fall in love with her, despite the complications of their relationships. The Colonel and Alaska have been planning a pre-prank to lull the Warriors into a state of peace. The weekend of the pre-prank Pudge and his friends head to the old barn by the school. Takumi

The Experiments Carried Out By Milgram And Zimbardo s...

Each of the two experiments carried out by Milgram and Zimbardo had questionable ethics in their procedure. Ethics is defined as â€Å"Moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity† (Oxford Dictionaries, 2016). In psychology, ethics are moral guidelines when conducting social experiments such as these, so that the dignity of each participant is respected and preserved. This piece of work will evaluate the perceived ethics in Milgram’s experiment of human obedience to authority figures, and Zimbardo’s experiment of conformity to roles, and also provide an overall conclusion on whether or not these studies were ethical. One of the guidelines for experiments is to give participants informed consent. This means that they should be fully aware of the nature of the experiment, and any risks which the participants may be subjected to. In Milgram’s study, he told participants that the experiment was to test human learning through a memory game, which was partially true. In reality, however, the focus point was on obedience to authority figures, and the extent to which people would inflict pain on another individual simply because they were told to. This immediately breaches one of the guidelines, as participants were deceived and the true nature of the experiment was hidden. An issue with deception, however, is it cannot be avoided in all cases in order to provide the results in which the experiment is looking for. For example, if Milgram toldShow MoreRelatedAsch s Conformity Experiment And Milgram s Obedience Experiment Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagescompare two experiments; Asch s conformity exp eriment and Milgram s obedience experiment. The two experiments will be compared for validity and their ethics. In addition, this report will take into consideration Zimbardo s Stanford Prison experiment and the Lucifer Effect. To analyse how obedience and conformity theories can be used as an example of why good people can turn bad. This report will also look at how obedience and conformity can be applied to the criminal justice system. Conformity SolomonRead MoreWhat Can Social Psychology Teach Us About What Happened At Abu Ghraib? Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesthe abuse that was carried out was exposed by the publication of images that were taken by the soldiers that carried out the violations. This paper will be looking at what social psychology can teach us about what happened at Abu Ghraib. The abuse took place in tier 1A on the night shift. The soldiers involved were all reserve soldiers who were not prepared or trained for this mission. They were asked to interrogate the detainees ‘take the gloves off’ to extract information out of them. The soldiersRead MoreThe Psychological Health Of Human And Obedience991 Words   |  4 Pages1960s unethical experiments have been conducted to understand the mechanisms behind these phenomena. Recent studies explore the necessity of those unsafe practices to arouse new ideas in the psychological literature. Conversely, they also exploit the unnecessary risks of practices in which could’ve been alleviated to minimize harm to participants. Till this day, experiments conducted since the 1960s have been important to understand power and obedience. An experiment by Milgram (1963) involved assigningRead MoreSocial Psychological Explanations For The Emergence Of Public Disorder1287 Words   |  6 Pages the exaggeration of the sentiments, and others besides†. The emergence of these acts can be seen when an individuals or groups attitude escalates from socially acceptable behaviours to anti-social behaviour. 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However, it is with it’s existence that we are able to decipher topics such as conformity, independenceRead MoreZimbardo s Zimbardo Prison Experiment Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagessummarize The Zimbardo Prison Experiment, better known as The Stanford Prison Experiment which was conducted by Phillip Zimbardo in 1971 at Stanford University. The purpose of the study was to conduct research in order to better understand the psychological components of human aggression and submission to include conformity and obedience in a prison environment with a select group of subjects playing roles as either prison guards or inmates, however, I should note, according to McLeod, S. (2016), TheRead MorePsychological Processes that May Be Involved in Obedience to Authority994 Words   |  4 PagesProcesses that May Be Involved in Obedience to Authority Obedience is the following of someone elses instructions or orders to do something. The instructions are usually from someone who has authority such as a parent or teacher. Milgram proposed the agentic state theory; this is where we act as an agent of someone who has authority, it means that we find it easy to deny personal responsibility for our actions because we have just been following orders or doing ourRead MoreConformity and Obedience Essay3326 Words   |  14 PagesConformity and Obedience Task: outline and evaluate findings from conformity and obedience research and consider explanations for conformity (and non-conformity), as well as evaluating Milgram’s studies of obedience (including ethical issues). The following essay will be about understanding what is meant by and distinguishing the differences between the terms conformity and obedience. It will show the evaluation of two key psychological studies which seek to explain why people do and do not conformRead MoreEssay about Obedience to Authority by Stanley Milgram2387 Words   |  10 PagesStanley Milgram’s 1963 studies into obedience have provided important and shocking insights into the power of authority. The study set out to discover how obedient people really are. Debate and controversy have surrounded the study since the results were first published. Predictions made by psychologists before the experiment proved dramatically inaccurate. The experiment led volunteers to believe they were administering increasingly painful and dangerous electric shocks to another volunteer for the purposesRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery 1883 Words   |  8 PagesCarol Tavris, Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo. Therefore, the brutish behaviors of the villagers in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is explained through people’s tendency to submit to mob rule to prevent embarrassment and disorder, according to Tavris’ theory ; also, by submitting to their authorities in order to accomplish their duty, as described by Milgram; finally, choosing their assigned roles over their individual identities when it comes to tradition, as highlighted by Zimbardo. One aspect that explains

Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes Free Essays

The federal state constitution has set up various independent regulatory commissions which are established to regulate and decide on important areas of the nation’s economy. According to Horn (2003), the regulatory commissions are also referred to as the quasi-legislative groups, and they operate independently with no presidential control.   Members of the regulatory commissions are appointed to their various offices by the president, and are given the approval by the senate either for staggered periods or for long terms. We will write a custom essay sample on Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The president cannot remove a head of an independent commission at will. Members who are appointed to work in the various independent commissions must have had appropriated experience working in the same industry.   The commissions should also have members from both parties and no member can be stopped from serving in the regulatory commission due to political factors. When a regulatory commission concentrates on the protection of the interests of a specific industry, such a commission is said to be’ captured’ because it protects and represents only the interest of the industry, as opposed to the protection of the public interest.   The objective of any independent and regulatory commission should be to protect and represent the interest of the public. Quasi-legislative and Quasi- judicial Functions The regulatory commissions that are established as independent have both the quasi-judicial and the quasi-legislative functions, which they carry out in the discharge of their responsibilities.   Mayne Martin (2004) observed that, the quasi-legislative functions are exercised where the commission is required to take part in the rule making, and in the carrying out of their regulatory functions.    In the carrying out of this duty, there should be the force of law whereby, when a decision is made by the commission, it becomes legally binding and anyone who does not a bid by the rule is subject to a judicial sanction. According to Mayne Martin (2004), the powers of the quasi judicial functions have been exercised in situations where disputes need to be settled in various incidents where the congress may have been involved in the giving of policing authority such as, in the business field, where the commission may have been making decisions which may be viewed as suitable for the development of commerce. For instance, there is a commission on Interstate Commerce which deals with matters of economy in the state. The regulatory commissions have the three major powers which include the legislative, judicial and the executive powers.   Unlike other arms of government that are subject to the rule which demands for power separation, this rule does not apply to the regulatory commissions. There has been so much controversy concerning the powers given to the independent regulatory commissions, and these powers have been reduced every now and then especially during the leadership of president Bush and Reagan. Horn (2003) observed that, there has been a tremendous effort by the congress to protect the regulatory agencies from any political influence.   The congress does this by demanding that, every agency should be led by commissioners who are active in the two major political movements. How to cite Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes, Essays

Essay for Religion and Law in Contemporary Public Disclosure

Question: Write about theEssay for Religion and Law in Contemporary Public Disclosure. Answer: Australia is a multicultural society and it also embraces its diverse population and even propagates the same. Each individual is given the right to live in a free manner, as per the drawn rules, and included in this freedom is the freedom of religion. When it particularly comes to the minority communities, they have been granted different minority rights in order them to follow their culture and religion (Huxley, 2012). However, a public sphere debate with regards to the policies of the state, with a specific reference to the religious communities revolves around abortion and family planning (Bottoni, Cristofori and Ferrari, 2016). This discussion is focused upon this very issue and so the focus would be on the debates revolving around policies of the state, and how they clash/ interplay/ collide with the religious communities view point about family planning and abortion. Each religion is unique and it follows its each teachings and own beliefs. These beliefs can often clash up with the policies which have been drawn by the state, even when these policies make a strict attempt to avoid such conflict. This is not only true for Australia, but across the globe. For instance, lets take an example of Islam in Singapore. As a result of the long-standing Malay problem, as a result of which Malay Singaporeans were socially and economically backward, the government brought out urban and economic planning in its family policies and that of the culture as well. This was meant to upgrade the population, particularly its health and education. The authorities of the nation regard the shapeless multiculturalism and individualism as an aspect of western decadence and this is contrasted by the Confucian Asias moral superiority. Hence, the up-gradation was a self assumed responsibility of the state for intervening directly in the different areas like family life, repro duction, moral and religion. The strategy of the nation towards the Muslim population is put in a nutshell in the MUIS, i.e., the Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura, along with the related policies meant for improving upon the Muslim education, modernizing the Sharia laws and courts and not only improving but regulating the Muslim family life as well. But such regulations are what prove the concept of secularism is not upheld by the states. By interfering with the religion of the individuals, the state does not remain separated from it (Barbalet, Possamai and Turner, 2013). Taking an example of Israel, where a pro-natalist policy is maintained when it comes to reproductive care. In Israel, the state provides the health care and also the continuum through childbirth from family planning services. The majority of the reproductive care is funded through the Health Funds by the government. The reproductive care policy of the nation reflects the social, religious and cultural norms of Jews regarding fertility (Glenn, 2010). The Jewish culture is engrained in the personal desire for motherhood and parenthood, which is strengthened through the historical persecution of Jews in Diaspora and the genocide carried on against the people in Holocaust. And so, the pro-natalist approach of the nation is supported through the legislation which regulates the IVF, i.e., vitro fertilization, the use of semen when it comes to IVF fertilization, ova extraction, the allocation and donation of ova, and finally the surrogacy agreements. Even the right of an individual to procr eate is properly recognized through the ruling of the Supreme Court and a leading example of this is the case of Nachmani v Nachmani (50(4) PD 661 (Isr)). In this case, the court held that due to the present special circumstances where it was deemed that the right of a woman was superior to the right of the husband to be a father. However, this does not mean that the woman has a full autonomy over her reproductive status. So, the woman does not have the right to terminate pregnancy. The lack of interest with regards to prosecution shows the abortions limited scope in the nation. Apart from funding the authorized abortions, the provisions of family planning information are funded by the State, along with the subsidized contraceptives. So, the case of Israel shows the integration of religion, i.e., of Jews in the State policies, which again shows that there is a no separation between the state and religion, even when this has been done positively (Library of Congress, 2015). Taking an example of India, where the infringement of rights of the individuals, when it comes to abortion and family planning. The Hinduism religion has no bans over the birth control. The Mahabharata which is a key religious scripture of Hindus states that killing embryo is a sin. It also shows Dhritarashtra and Gandhari having 100 children. Another story shows King Yayati where the man is solicited by a fertile woman and does not give into her wishes and is deemed as embryo killer (Sharma, 2015). However, in India there is a policy of having two children which shows the interference of the state with religion (Abbamonte, 2017). If a person conceives third child, the state policy requires them to abort such child, but if such person is Hindu, it would be a sin under their religion. Thus, a question is raised on the validity of freedom of religion in the nation. The state does attempt to justify its stand. Even though fertility is deemed as an important concept, if more than such ch ildren are given birth too, which can be supported by the family, it has to be deemed as Ahimsa, which is a nonviolent rule of conduct (Stacey, 2016). And the population issues have made birth control and family planning, a major ethical issue for the nation. A debate over the church and state separation in US has at its heart, the abortion debate. The Rep, Daniel Lipinski responded to the Conference of Catholic Bishops in US urging for immigration reforms and stated that in his opinion, immigration was not as important an issue, in comparison to other matters. Some of these issues on which the church speaks quite authoritatively is the abortion issue where it deems to protect life. Lipinski deemed this as a prudential judgement informed through Catholic theology which was not something which the Catholics had to follow. He deemed that it was not wrong to exploit the public office when the same is enshrined by the faiths understanding. This was supported by the previous Rep, Dale Kildee, when it came to debates around Affordable Care Act, 2010 (Ross, 2013). The debate around abortion is not about the rights of the women but a debate on the relationship between the government and the religion (Cherif, 2015). The opponents of abortion are j ust open regarding their intent of trampling the church state boundaries (Ross, 2013). UK also has its fair share of religious mix. And it is deemed that religion is a strong and a powerful influence over the attitude and behaviours of the individuals. UK has a large population of Sikhs, where abortion is allowed in exceptional cases, particularly when a serious threat is caused to the health of the woman. When it comes to birth control, the Sikhs have no objection to it. When it comes to abortion in context of Buddhists, their reliance is one reincarnation and this can be seen in the views of abortion of the Buddhists. They also deem that abortion is an act of killing, as is the case with Jews, Hindus and Muslims. Abortion, in short, is deemed as wrong in nearly every religion (FPA, 2016). Abortion in Australia is allowed, particularly arising from family planning. However, due to the nation having a wide spread of different religions, again a conflict is raised as the abortion laws are state laws. Each state has its own policy, which is often deemed as interfering with the religion of a person. So, when the policies are drawn by the state regarding family planning, particularly when a restriction is placed over the number of children one can have, resulting in abortions, an ethical issue is raised, which gives rise to the conflict between the state and the religion, particularly as the concepts of right of religion and secularism are proved wrong. There are some states of the nation where abortion is deemed as legal and some, where it is deemed as a criminal offence. In the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes, the ones who identify themselves with a religion, 23% deemed abortion as wrong. So, even when 60% of the national population stated that abortion was acceptab le, the ones with religion in their mind deemed it as a wrong thing and these individuals initiate the state and religion clash debate (CRA, 2017). To summarize the discussion, there is a conflict between religion and the state policies when it comes to the policies associated with abortion and family planning. This is particularly because the religion deems abortion carried on with the purpose of restricted family planning of state as a wrong thing, in any situation. It is deemed as a sin. But when the viewpoint of the state is presented, where the population control is given as the key reason for undertaking such measures, it presents a question of whether the religion, in this aspect should be given supremacy, or should the right of religion, in this aspect, continued to be curbed. References Abbamonte, J. (2017) Indian State Proposes A Two-Child Limit for Government Employees. [Online] Population Research Institute. Available from: https://www.pop.org/indian-state-proposes-a-two-child-limit-for-government-employees/ [Accessed on: 10/10/11] Barbalet, J., Possamai, A., and Turner, B.S. (2013) Religion and the State: A Comparative Sociology. London: Anthem Press. Bottoni, R., Cristofori, R., and Ferrari, S. (2016) Religious Rules, State Law, and Normative Pluralism - A Comparative Overview. Berlin: Springer. Cherif, F.M. (2015) Myths about Women's Rights: How, Where, and Why Rights Advance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CRA. (2017) Attitudes to Abortion and Approaches to Ethical Issues. [Online] CRA. Available from: https://cra.org.au/attitudes-to-abortion-and-approaches-to-ethical-issues/ [Accessed on: 10/10/11] FPA. (2016) Religion, contraception and abortion factsheet. [Online] FPA. Available from: https://www.fpa.org.uk/factsheets/religion-contraception-abortion [Accessed on: 10/10/11] Glenn, H.P. (2010) Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Huxley, A. (2012) Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law. Oxon: Routledge. Library of Congress. (2015) Israel: Reproduction and Abortion: Law and Policy. [Online] Library of Congress. Available from: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/il-reproduction-and-abortion/israel.php [Accessed on: 10/10/11] Ross, R.D.S. (2013) Congress, Abortion, and the Separation of Church and State. [Online] Rewire. Available from: https://rewire.news/article/2013/09/23/congress-abortion-and-the-separation-of-church-and-state/ [Accessed on: 10/10/11] Sharma, M. (2015) Hindu Literature Mahabharata: Questions and Answers. Bloomington: Booktango. Stacey, D. (2016) What Do Religions Say About Birth Control and Family Planning?. [Online] Population Research Institute. Available from: https://www.verywell.com/what-are-religious-views-on-birth-control-906618 [Accessed on: 10/10/11]

The executive branch

Table of Contents Changes in constitutional powers and functions Economic changes Public welfare Regulation Technology Conclusion Works Cited US Executive is one of the primary constituent of the centralized government. It consists of numerous offices that play significant roles in running the branch. The President’s office, his vice and some of the departmental offices are some of the most prime administrative offices in the branch (Brown and Graham, 1). Since the branch was formed, many changes have taken place, in the effort of improving its efficiency.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The executive branch specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changes in constitutional powers and functions As years passes by, the US constitution keep on changing following the numerous modifications done by the congress (the law-making body). This has immensely affected the roles and powers of the executive branch, since t he offices have to meet their constitutional job requirements. Furthermore, change in legal functions alters the structures the executive branch, since they will have to introduce other offices, to assist in meeting the newly introduced requirements. For instance, some of the executive functions and terms were altered by the congress under the twentieth amendment. The interlude between election and inaugural ceremony was altered, and thus the president alongside with his vice had to surrender their offices in January 20th (noon), the year after general elections. This is because; initially, the period between election and inauguration was quite stretched i.e. approximately four months after voting. Furthermore, the amendment also stated that, incase the presidential-elect passes away, then the vice president elect will assume the president’s position and thus sworn as the new president of US. There were also some modifications under the 22nd amendment that extensively affecte d the executive offices (Wright, 64). The amendment transformed the number of times a citizen can hold a presidential office; the number was changed to a maximum of two terms in office (Findlaw). The succession of the president was changed, in one of the amendment clause i.e. the vice will assume the president’s role, incase the president quits his position or dies. Furthermore, the amendment states that any position in the vice’s office will be appointed by the president; however, the appointee shall not assume the office until he or she is approved by the congress. Economic changes A country’s economy keeps on shifting from one position to another thus influencing various crucial institution and bureaus, including the executive branches. In the past year, United States experienced several economic changes; for instance, the recessions, depressions, crunches and other similar economic difficulties. This experience has made United States alter some of its execut ive departments, as a strategy to curb the economic changes. As a result, some executive departments were removed, while others introduced; some were modified while others replaced.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, commerce and labor department were split to form two autonomous departments (Infoplease). This move was an economic strategy for the improvement of commerce in the country i.e. to enhance local and international trade. Being a victim of several hash economic environment, the US government has incorporated several junior offices in their departments that assist in projecting its business environment. Public welfare Education department was formed to operate independently, after the amalgamation of several learning programs, from different bureaus. This change was effected in the late seventies as a progress to provide quality education to all students, regardle ss of their backgrounds. Following the terrorist attack in 2001, several offices were merged to form a sovereign protection department i.e. the homeland security department (infoplease). The prime function of this department was to up the security of United States, and also to protect their citizens against unnecessary threats. As early as 1939, the federal security agency was changed following the demands to improve human healthiness and well being. The Agency was transformed to a healthcare department i.e. health and human services department, which was expected to up the standards of health in the country. Some of the numerous function of this health care department was to provide health services to all citizens regardless of their background, abilities or situation; finance healthcare institutions such as Medicaid; conduct healthcare researches and so on. Early in the 60’s, the united states were subjected to numerous housing challenges especially in urban centers. This p ressured the government to create an executive department that would solely address matters pertaining housing and the growth of cities. Consequently, a department in the name of housing and urban development was created as a substitute for the home finance and housing sub-division. The department was formed to offer several services to the ordinary citizens i.e. offer inexpensive housing services; uphold community development and many more others (Infoplease). The department of labor underwent several transitions before it finally stood out as a sovereign department. Initially, labor functioned as an agency under a certain executive department prior to its operation in the labor and commerce department (Henry, 375). Early in the 90’s, labor was separated from the department and thus operated as an autonomous executive department. The change was influenced by the undying effort of guarding workers against overexploitation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample o n The executive branch specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regulation Several executive offices have been altered following the government’s attempt to regulate the activities of certain crucial offices. For instance, the national military bureau was transformed following the need to regulate its mandate. The name of the bureau was transformed and named as the department of defense, which was accompanied by numerous changes in its functions. Some of the functions dispensed to this department included flood control; the control and regulation of the navy, marine and other such like agencies. Executive department such as the department of agriculture was established following the need to regulate food prices and input costs. The need to regulate commerce in United States is one of the numerous factors that led to the split of labor and commerce department. Several aspects such as local trade, international trade, and technological g rowth had to be regulated adequately. However, this proved tricky without the sovereign existence of commerce department. As a result, the department of trade and labor was split to form two autonomous departments. Technology Over the years, United States has grown technologically, with the introduction of numerous ideologies and hi-tech devices. However, these inventions and innovations possess a number of negative and positive impacts, which can influence a country in various capacities. In the attempt to control these impacts, the executive experienced a stretch in their duties and thus increasing their scope. In other words, the executive had to perform extra roles due to technological advancements i.e. to develop policies that regulate their use. The advances in technology, which are eventually incorporated in different departments, have immensely influenced the executive structures. Several offices have been created as a solution for the management of these high-tech equipment s in different executive departments. For instance, the defense department has several technological departments that contain several offices responsible for developing and managing technical weapons. Conclusion The functions and names of offices in the executive branch have changed over the years, due to several factors. Some of the reason that influenced changes in departmental names and operations include economic changes, technological changes, a shift in public welfare demands and the need for office regulations. Some of the offices in the branch, which have grown and changed over the years, include the president office, executive departments and the vice president office. Works Cited Barrett, Henry. The President’s Cabinet, Studies in the Origin, Formation and Structure of an American Institution. Charleston: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009 375.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brown, Elizabeth and Graham, David. Leading the executive branch: strategies and options for achieving success. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. 2007 1. Findlaw. Amendment to the constitution of United States of America. London: Thomson Reuters business. 2010. Web. Available at:Â  https://constitution.findlaw.com/amendments.html Infoplease. Executive department. Berkeley: Pearson education 2007. Web. Available at:Â  https://www.infoplease.com/history-and-government/executive-departments-and-agencies/executive-departments Wright, John. The New York times Almanac 2002. New York: Routledge. 2001 64. This essay on The executive branch was written and submitted by user Zaniyah W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

God of the Underworld Professor Ramos Blog

God of the Underworld If someone talks to you about Hades, you probably think of a powerful evil Greek mythological God. A tall, stoic, dark haired man who hates his life and wishes to be more powerful than his brother Zeus. If you research Hades and learn more about his personality and all the bad he has done, is he really a monster? People were afraid of Hades because of the types of punishments he would give mortals. Such as Sisyphus who cheated death so many times that Hades decided to punish him by cursing him with an eternal task of carrying a boulder to the top of the hill and anytime that he got close to the top the boulder would roll back down. Pythia who was also punished by being bound to the chair of forgetfulness for trying to kidnap Hades queen Persephone. Lastly, Tentalus who tried to convince mortals that the Gods were easily tricked by sacrificing his own son to prove a point; his punishment was that he was supposed to stand in a deep pool of water underneath a low hanging branch of a fru it tree for eternity with a burning thirst and aching hunger. Every time he tried to get water or fruit it would go further away from him. All these stories make Hades seem like a villain, but a lot of punishments he did was requested from his brother Zeus. To help understand Hades I will show you how he connects to monster theory, how he is represented in pop culture, and my judgement on it.   Hades fits into five out of seven of Jeffery Jerome Cohen’s â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† Thesis one â€Å"The Monster’s Body is a Cultural Body† discusses how a monster can represent the fears of that time period. As we know, Hades was in the classical Greece era circa 500 b.c.e and during that era people were afraid of the Gods, especially Hades. Hades was already an intimating guy; he was a rather large muscular man, with a beard, a weapon called a bident, and robe like clothing. What got people really scared of Hades is the type of punishment you would be given if you did something wrong in the God’s eye. Thesis two is that â€Å"The Monster Always Escapes† for Hades it is impossible to catch him/kill him. He is a powerful immortal god, so unless you are a god yourself it will be hard to defeat Hades. For thesis three â€Å"The Monster is the Harbinger of Category Crisis† how Hades fit into that is quite interesting. T hesis three is about how a monster is created/born/raised a different way and for Hades he was raised in the stomach of his father. Hades father Cronus ate five out of six of his children because of the prophecy that his children will one day overthrow him and take his power. Zeus was the only who was not eaten because his mother hid him away after he was born. Zeus and his mother Rhea come up with a plan to get his five siblings out by giving Cronus a drink to make him regurgitate his five siblings. After they defeated Cronus, Hades, Zeus, and Poseidon divided the universe among themselves. â€Å"They kept the earth and Olympus as common property, while Zeus took the heavens as his domain, Poseidon the seas, and Hades the misty darkness of the Underworld† (March, 1).   For thesis four â€Å"The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference† states the monsters are different from normal people and that â€Å"for the most part monstrous differences tends to be cultural, political, racial, economic, and sexual† (Cohen, 18). Not only does Hades being a God make him different from the mortals, but also the fact that Hades is judged as a monster based off his appearance and title. He has dark features, a dark kingdom, and a scary title. People feared him because he seemed like a dark person, but in fact he was not a dark person. Hades was occasionally loyal, honest, caring, and compassionate. What makes him seem scary is his expressionless face and anti-social personality. â€Å"He was aloofness personified, the invisible presence of darkness and the less he did, the more terrifying he became† (Bloomsbury, 2). Lastly, Hades fits into the monster theses six â€Å"Fear of the Monster is really a Kind of Desire†. The monster ref lects things that attracts us during that time period. Hades has the power to punish/hurt people who treat him wrong and we wish that we could have that same power at times too. To punish someone for trying to kidnap our spouses or to hurt someone for talking badly about you. In many movies, books, and stories we watch or read about Greek mythology Hades usually becomes the villain of the story. In the 1997 Disney movie â€Å"Hercules† Hades is the main monster who is trying to re-arrange the cosmos and over power his brother Zeus because he is unhappy with his duties in the underworld. There is a prophecy that states if Zeus’ son grows up to be a man, he will defeat Hades. Hades tries to kill Hercules many times in the movie, but fails to do so and ends up losing. Hades is animated as tall, pale/gray skinned guy with blue flame hair, pointy teeth, sharp nails, yellow eyes, and dark clothing. His personality in the movie is manipulative, merciless, and does not care if he causes pain or panic among the mortals. He appears to be calm and collected but can be set off easily. The only good quality that Disney gives Hades is that he is fair and will stay true to his word even if he knows he will lose. In the 2010 movie â€Å"Percy Jackson and t he Olympians: The Lightning Thief† Hades once again is the main villain of the movie and Percy Jackson is our hero. The plot of the film is that Zeus bolt (the most powerful weapon) has been stolen and every character assumes that Percy Jackson did it, even Hades. Hades kidnaps Percy’s mom and tells him that he has one week to give him the bolt or else he will kill his mother. Hades personality is represented more as a dictator; a person twitter pated with being the most powerful God and will not listen to reason until he gets it. He is cruel, abusive, manipulative, and cold hearted. Hades appearance in the movie is somewhat of a normal person. He is average height, has a well-groomed beard, and a â€Å"Mcjagger† style. When he tries to intimate a person to get what he wants, he transforms himself into a devil like character; huge, red eyes, horns, wings, sharp teeth/nails, and covered in flames.    The more I learned about Hades the more I like him as a Monster, but that is also the thing about Hades is that he is not as much of a monster as I thought he was. All through my childhood I have thought Hades was the villain in Greek mythology, but that is just how he is portrayed in pop culture. Once you learn about Hades back story and what kind of person he is, he is not as evil as a person as he seems. It’s unfortunate that based off his power, appearance, title, and the things that Zeus asks of him makes him a monster, even though his siblings do just as bad of things. Zeus constantly commits adultery, and Poseidon kills without good reason. It’s not fair that Hades is the one considered bad when his brothers do equally as bad things.   Everything you have thought that you knew about Hades thanks to pop culture is actually false facts. Hades is not the monster that he is made out to be. Hades is loyal, fair, caring, sturdy, and an introvert. Hades deserves to be represented properly, and in doing so it could also teach kids to not judge a person based off their appearance and titles. Just because he has dark features and could be intimidating does not mean he is a monster. Looks could be deceiving especially in Greek mythology.   Boser, Ulrich. â€Å"The First Soap Operas.† Mysteries of History: The Ancient World, Jan. 2004, p. 60. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=f6hAN=16340453site=ehost-live. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† University of Minnesota Press. 1996. Print. Hades. Bloomsbury Dictionary of Myth, Kenneth McLeish, Bloomsbury, 1st edition, 1996. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bloommyth/hades/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 24 Jul. 2019.   Hades (1). Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Jennifer R. March, Oxbow Books, 2nd edition, 2014. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/hades. Accessed 17 Jul. 2019. Hercules. Directed by Ron Clements and John Musker. Walt Disney Pictures. 27 June, 1997. Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief. Directed by Chris Columbus. 1492 Pictures. 12 February, 2010.

Here are the Average SAT Scores by State

Recently, the 2017 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report was released and along with it, the SAT score averages for each state. While this statistic may seem irrelevant to your personal performance, it’s one worth looking at for a few different reasons. In this post, we’ll outline what the average SAT scores are in each state, lend some insight into why it matters, and offer some perspective on how these scores stack up. To learn more about the average SAT scores in each state in 2017, keep reading. When colleges admit incoming students, they nearly always aim to compile a diverse class. One of the ways in which they consider this diversity is by geographical region. For this reason, you might find yourself competing with other students from your state for a seat at selective colleges, especially if many students from your state happen to be applying to the same school. In addition, if you are applying for scholarships it is likely that you will be competing against students from your state, since many scholarships are local or regional in nature. Because SAT scores are often a key evaluation criterion for scholarships, it’s worth knowing how your scores are likely to stack up to others in your region. To learn more about applying for scholarships, check out our post What You Need to Know for a Successful Scholarship Season . Here’s the breakdown of the average SAT score in each state according to the  2017 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report. (Courtesy of the 2017 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report) The highest average SAT scores were found in the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa, where average composite scores were each over 1270. It’s worth noting that in these states, overall participation was quite low, with only 3% of students taking the test. This pattern holds true across the board, with higher scoring states having lower participation rates. This is likely due to statewide popularity or requirements related to the ACT. Students are not likely to take both the ACT and the SAT unless they know they will score well, and when given the choice, students often choose the test that they believe they’ll score higher on. Of states with at least 25% participation, Arizona (1116), Nevada (1116), and Vermont (1114) stand out as top scorers. Our students see an average increase of 250 points on their SAT scores. The lowest average SAT scores were found in the states of Delaware, the District of Columbia, Idaho, and Michigan, where average composite scores were all below 1010. The inverse relationship between participation and average score held true here as well, with all the lowest performing states having participation rates above 90%. When students do not self select and rather take the test as part of a requirement or as what they view their only option, their scores tend to be lower. The preference for one standardized test over another tends to be largely geographical in nature. For that reason, in states with high SAT participation, ACT participation tends to be much lower, and the same is true vice versa. Because higher participation tends to be associated with lower average scores, it is hard to compare SAT and ACT scores by state. Most states with high participation rates in one test have low participation rates in the other, which often means that states that have high averages on one test, have low averages for the other. In states like Georgia, where participation in the SAT and in the ACT are nearly equally as common, scores tend to be very close to the national averages for each test. State averages matter because you want to perform well in comparison to others in your geographical area in order to gain a competitive edge. One way to do this is by considering which test you should take. Beyond considering the state averages for each test, you should also consider the merits of the tests individually. The SAT generally encompasses more general knowledge while the ACT is more subject oriented. To learn more about choosing between the ACT and the SAT, see these posts: It’s also important to remember that standardized tests are not the be-all and end-all of college admissions or scholarship applications. While scores do matter, many other factors will be weighed as well. To learn more about how standardized test scores impact admissions, see these posts: If you still have questions about SAT scores or you are interested in our full service, customized SAT tutoring, head over to ’s SAT Tutoring Program , where the brightest and most qualified tutors in the industry guide students to an average score increase of 140 points. N/A (1,715,481 total students tested)

The Effects of Fiscal Policy on Private Business Investment Essay

The Effects of Fiscal Policy on Private Business Investment - Essay Example As a point of departure, private business investments are considered as fundamental channels in which fiscal policy influences the economic growth. For instance, the endogenous economic growth model explains the dynamism in the capital stock, which is believed to influence the long-term per capita growth rate. This can happen through two ways namely more quantitative investment and more-efficient investments. This follows that the aspect of fiscal policy can be said to influence investments by varying domestic demand, which influence the Growth Development Product (GDP) of a nation, thus influencing the economy growth of a country. Considering a model of a tight fiscal policy where expenditure is reduced and increased taxation like in the case of the US, immense negative expectations are eminent. This reduces the viable incentives fro investments. On equal measure, the fiscal policy, particularly the short terms, can directly affect investment through the cost of capital attributed t o the tax system (Razin, Assaf, and Jacob, 2006. This follows that, the long-term fiscal policy on well-designed tax system on liberalized and privatised programmes such as for the case of the US and UK, help private sector investments because of reduced direct government involvement. For the case of government interest increase, foreign capital is attracted from the foreign investors and this increases the demand for the country’s currency. This implies that the value of country’s currency is increased. It is imperative to note that the increase in the currency value makes the exports from the country in question more expensive. On equal measure, when the government funds discrepancy with issuance of government bonds, the interests’ rates increases across the market due to the government borrowing which creates a higher demand for the credit in the financial markets. It is imperative to note that, theoretically,

How to apply motivation in the work place Research Paper

How to apply motivation in the work place - Research Paper Example Leibenstein argued more than forty years ago that â€Å"for a variety of reasons people and organizations normally work neither as hard nor as effectively as they could† and the both of them regarded motivation as an important factor to improve the efficiency of both employees an motivation. Since then, the debate has been on about what really motivates the people in the organization. It was found that an organization would really progress based on the commitment of the employees towards the organization rather than keeping them under their control. This led to the emergence of innovative management practices which targeted to enhance employees’ commitment towards the company through different techniques (Buford, 1993). Research question How to apply motivation in the work place? Background of Study Among the many functions that the Human Resource department has to work on, keeping employees motivated and retaining them is the foremost challenge that any organization fa ce. Hence it is of the paramount importance that the employees stay motivated and hence new management practices be adopted to give them a boost in their motivation so that they can exert much more effort in the business. For any organization the employees are the key resource, neglecting which can lead to catastrophic results like strike, shutdown etc. which will result in insurmountable loss that the company may not be able to bear. Hence organizations are trying to come up with new techniques to attack this issue and lower the retention level. Through foundation of studies, research theories and practical examples this paper will address the issue of what actually motivates the employees and what the managers need to do to achieve it and supports motivation and hence the performance. Literature Review Numerous researchers have investigated the relationship that exists between job satisfaction and work motivation. In the current business scenario, organizations across industries a re experiencing rapid competition. In this competitive environment the companies must consider the human factor that is becoming more and more important for the organization to survive. Business excellence will be achieved only when employees are motivated to work for the company (Dam, 2008). In difficult circumstances like violence, fear, tragedy, job insecurity the stress factor puts burden on the employees which result in reduced performance. Nowadays organizations have come to realize that motivated and satisfied employees are needed to powerfully deliver their task. As employee motivation is one of the primary tasks of management hence it is of prime importance that the management takes care of the employee’s needs. Motivation Motivation is the willingness of the employees to exert high efforts to achieve organizational goals, which must also satisfy some individual need. Here the important factor is the ‘need’ which is internal to the employee that makes ce rtain outcome appears attractive. It is basically the psychological forces which determine the amount of effort along with the persistence level that the employee shows while facing any obstacle. A motivated employee himself finds solution to any obstacle that he will face and keep moving forward (Hay, 2002). The

Crisis situation Essay Example for Free

Crisis situation Essay Crisis situation happens in an unpredicted manner from which the instinctive response necessitates methodical actions to firstly prevent and secondly to recover from the magnitude of impact. But how come a crisis situation can be instantly managed at the spontaneity of incident and nick of time? This reverberating question could be the unspoken words of victims and survivors in the carnage of terrorist attack to the US soil on September 11th 2001 when the world was shocked of the great US tragedy. The crisis situation inevitably slipped beyond the US homeland security defense measures but to face the bleak reality and act for emergency management. This paper will discuss the momentous fate of the victims in the 9/11 tragedy, relating how fast, determined and methodical the emergency management have been engaged. Discussions Overview Based on the documentaries, it was about 8:46 am at the busy business district of New York City began the fateful day that doomed the twin towers of the World Trade Center as the great symbol of American power. The American Airlines Flight 11 was high jacked by unknown numbers of terrorists and purposely crashed to the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The gruesome landing instantaneously put ablaze the higher level floors and became an inferno as the airplane’s fuels exploded and oozed out throughout the building. As reported by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (NCTAUS), the 911 Police Emergency Dial System was flooded with a lot of calls from eyewitness accounts. They were able to properly identify the target of the terrorist act. Response teams were mobilized within 5 seconds after the crash. The New York Police Department called for Mobilization Level 4. Immediately, 22 lieutenants, 100 sergeants and 800 police officers were dispatched to the scene of the crime. In a span of 17 minutes, what boils down as the largest search and rescue mission in the history of New York City, was dispatched (NCTAUS, 2004). The illustration below shows the flaming towers of WTC: Source: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (2001) According to the report, another American Airlines plane was rerouted to the World Trade Center’s South Tower as everyone thought that the attack was over. The crash intensified the woes of the rescuers, although the magnitude of the damage was not as great as that of the North Tower. As cited, â€Å"Stairwell A† was still passable from the 91st floor while a hundred of people were caught in the 78th floor of the building waiting for evacuation to begin. They tried to squeeze themselves into the already filled up express elevators but to no avail. As time passed by, the number of injuries and deaths continued to rise due to suffocation and psychological stress. Only those who were still conscious and alert were able to reach first the World Trade Center complex exits upon guidance of the evacuators (NCTAUS, 2004). Meanwhile, rescue operations went into full blast with the New York City Fire Department, the police department, and personnel from the ports authority who jointly managed the emergency response. Illustration below shows the aftermath of the â€Å"towering inferno†: Source: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (2001) The above illustration was also dubbed as the â€Å"ground zero† of the WTC wherein thousands have been killed including those firemen from the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) who rushed to the scene unprepared. The rubble has sustained numerous deaths when the burning debris collapsed to both rescuers and survivors who were supposed to be evacuated from the ground floors of WTC (NCTAUS, 2001). Placement of emergency management structure The placement of emergency management structure and leveling of preparedness was set since the first terrorist attack in 1993. As a brief background, Claire Rubin (2004) from the Washington University has cited in her study paper that the homeland security and emergency system of the government has established the strategic defense. This was in line with the emergency response to the 1993 terrorist attempt to bomb the World Trade Center when a 1,500-pound bomb was detonated killing 6 people and injuring a thousands. The illustration below shows the potential target of terrorist attacks:

Outsourcing Software Jobs Overseas Essay -- Employment Work Technology

Outsourcing Software Jobs Overseas Information Technology (IT) Outsourcing overseas in which a company hires another company abroad to take over some of its software related tasks like managing data center, handling technical support and software maintenance has become a growing trend today. American technological corporations desperate to cut costs are outsourcing jobs to the developing countries with large talented human resource pool for significantly lesser wages. IT market research firm Gartner Dataquest 1 says that companies outsourcing their software jobs see lower cost foreign labor as a key to growth in 2003 because of large pool of highly educated English speaking workers in countries like India and Philippines who get relatively low wages. As of year-end 2002, there were at least 14 mega deals worth a total of $28.4 billion compared with nine mega deals in 2001 worth a total of $15.1 billion. Companies are lured towards the savings obtained by hiring a programmer in India who would be paid $2500 per year whereas the same job would require a wage of at least $45000 in US. According to Forrester Research2, the percentage of offshore outsourcing for U.S. IT budgets took a leap from 12 percent in 2000 to 28 percent in 2003. It also says that around 3.3 million U.S. services jobs will move offshore during the next 15 years, led by the IT industry and also estimates that companies can save up to 50% by outsourcing abroad. Coca-Cola, for example, already outsources about 15 percent of its information technology work and plans to do even more to cut costs. The migration began in the early 1990s when some of the technology sector's heavyweights like Oracle Corp., IBM, Sun Microsystems, Cisco Systems Inc., and... ...pursue offshore outsourcing if it means U.S. jobs ?" InformationWeek.com , 2003, June 6 2003, < http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=8700190&pgno=1 > 8 Rayen,Ranjeet "Indian outsourcing unscathed by US outcry" CIOL ,2003, May 28 2003, <http://www.ciol.com/content/news/trends/103030501.asp> 9,13Roberts,Paul Craig "Notes for free traders" Townhall.com , 2003, June 4 2003, < http://www.townhall.com/columnists/paulcraigroberts/pcr20030305.shtml> 10 Mill,John Stuart "Utilitarianism" Utilitarianism < http://www.utilitarianism.com/mill1.htm > 11 "John Locke" < http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Locke.htm > 12 THIBODEAU,PATRICK "Outsourcing growth predicted, but impact on workers may be uneven" IDG.Net , 2003, June 8 2003, < http://www.idg.net/ic_1273426_9735_1-5082.html >

Nursing Article Research Abstract

The nursing journal which I have selected is by Showalter Et al (2000), titled â€Å"Patients' and their spouses' needs after total joint arthroplasty: a pilot study†, from the journal Orthopedic Nursing.   The aim of the paper was to determine the experiences and the requirements of the patients and their spouses following hospitalization for two specific forms of orthopedic surgeries namely total hip and total knee arthroplasty. The study was performed on a small-scale basis and only 5 subjects (patients) and their spouses were included.   The study was performed by a personal interview that was videotaped for future research.   The design included in the study was descriptive. The study was conducted in one health center In Richmond USA. The findings revealed that the patients and their spouses required greatest help in making transitions. The patients felt the greatest distress when they were unable to get back to their activities within the stipulated period of time.   The spouses of the patient felt insecure when the patient was unable to perform the daily activities within the stipulated period of time. The transition period was marked by disturbances felt when the patient was unable to recover within the stipulated period of time as planned before the surgery.   Some of the issues that were a concern included post-operative pain, problems with rehabilitation, and application of skills at home, which are learned in the hospital. During the transition period, the spouses and the patients have to change their roles, relationships, abilities and behaviors, so that a faster recover process is enabled.   The healthcare professionals have to also ensure that the patients are educated about the various problems that can be encountered and means of solving these problems.   The patients and the spouses have to also be taught that the entire recovery process should be given realistic considerations. Further, certain groups (known as ‘focus groups’) have to be trained to ensure that the healthcare professionals are sufficiently educated about the transition changes that are needed.   However, the author has suggested for the need for further research studies when it comes to determining and fulfilling the needs of patients and their spouses following total joint replacement surgeries.   Focus groups seems to be one effective way of educating the healthcare processionals, who in turn that can meet the needs of the patients and their spouses. References: Showalter, A., Burger, S, & Salyer, J. (2000). â€Å"Patients' and their spouses' needs after total joint arthroplasty: a pilot study.† Orthop Nurs, 19(1), 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062624?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlusDrugs1 http://www.orthopaedicnursing.com/pt/re/orthonurs/selectreference.htm;jsessionid=HYTTQ6SxLSksKl8cQjpvksfZ0g1SVBqTfJnZTwwKZXnmQB6QGlJX!1759956393!181195629!8091!-1!1205390899957?an=00006416-200311000-00012&id=P136&data=00006416_2000_19_49_showalter_arthroplasty_%7C00006416-200311000-00012%23xpointer(id(R15-12))%7C1160700%7C%7Covftdb%7C&lu=ovid:/bib/medline/11062624/ui Medline Link Record Unique Identifier 11062624. Authors Showalter A; Burger S; Salyer J. Authors Full Name Showalter, A; Burger, S; Salyer, J. Institution Total Joint Arthroplasty Program, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. Title Patients' and their spouses' needs after total joint arthroplasty: a pilot study. Source Orthopaedic Nursing. 19(1):49-57, 62, 2000 Jan-Feb. Abbreviated Source Orthop Nurs. 19(1):49-57, 62, 2000 Jan-Feb. NLM Journal Name Orthopaedic nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses Publishing Model Journal available in: Print Citation processed from: Print Country of Publication UNITED STATES. MeSH Subject Headings Adaptation, Psychological Aged Aged, 80 and over *Arthroplasty, Replacement/ae [Adverse Effects] Arthroplasty, Replacement/nu [Nursing] *Arthroplasty, Replacement/px [Psychology] *Attitude to Health Focus Groups Humans Middle Aged *Needs Assessment/og [Organization & Administration] Nursing Methodology Researc h Orthopedic Nursing Patient Education as Topic Pilot Projects *Postoperative Care/mt [Methods] Postoperative Care/nu [Nursing] *Postoperative Care/px [Psychology] Social Support *Spouses/px [Psychology] Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the experiences and needs of patients and their spouses during hospitalization and recovery from either total hip or total knee arthroplasty. DESIGN: Descriptive. SAMPLE: A purposive sample of 5 patients and their spouses in one health sciences center. METHODS: Qualitative study using a videotaped focus group interview. FINDINGS: Content analysis revealed two perspectives of one theme: patients and their spouses need â€Å"help making transitions.† Situational and role transitions that were problematic for patients reflected distress over not being able to resume activities they enjoyed within an expected time frame. Incongruence between expectations and reality was the source of distress. As a consequence of role reversal, spouses experienced feelings of insecurity and being overwhelmed. Health and illness transitions that patients experienced were also related to incongruence between expectations of the recovery period and the reality that recovery is a slow process. Pain experienced during post discharge recovery and rehabilitation, and problems encountered when applying information and skills learned in the hospital to the home setting were sources of concern. CONCLUSION: The needs and experiences of patients and spouses after total joint arthroplasty reflect transitional change–changes in roles, relationships, abilities, and behaviors. Health care professionals can facilitate transitions by providing education that reflects â€Å"best case-worst case scenarios† so that expectations of the recovery process are realistic. By being the link between hospital and home, health care professionals can lend support to patients as they continue the recovery process. As a program evaluation strategy, focus groups provide useful information to health care professionals who are interested in the needs and expectations of health care consumers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING RESEARCH: Further exploration of the needs of patients and their spouses following joint replacement surgery is warranted. Use of focus group methodology might provide additional insight into the needs of this population and suggest ways in which health care professionals can modify existing programs to help these patients and their spouses make the transitions. ISSN Print 0744-6020. Publication Type Journal Article. Date of Publication 2000 Jan-Feb Year of Publication 2000 Entry Date 20001109 Revision Date 20071115 Update Date 20071203   

In what ways do Leonardo and Bazarov act as catalysts inchanging family structure in the texts Blood Wedding and Fathers and Sons?

In this essay, I will be focussing on the characters of Leonardo and Bazarov, in their respective texts, and how they act as catalysts in changing family structure, so that by the end of the text, the family unit is different from what it was in the beginning. I will also analyse their characters and examine their impact on the plots of the two texts, and their role in plot development. In particular, I will analyse the character's words, and the tone of voice in which they speak; this will help in analysing their specific character traits. This analysis will help me in understanding their impact on character and plot development, which leads to them acting as catalysts in changing their respective family structures. It should be noted that while the text Fathers and Sons features many families that are important to the plot, I will be specifically looking at Bazarov's impact on Arcady's family; as well as the impact on his own family. In the text Blood Wedding, I will be looking at Leonardo's impact on his family and on the Bridegroom's family. In the text Fathers and Sons, when Nicholas is waiting for Arcady, we see him as a very happy person as he eagerly anticipates the arrival of his son. However, when Arcady introduces Bazarov, we notice a change in Nicholas's character. He appears to be withdrawn, and he does not converse as openly with Arcady as he would normally. There is one incident when Bazarov offers Arcady a cigar, Arcady accepts it and when he lights it, Nicholas turns his head away. This foreshadows that the introduction of Bazarov, to the Kisranov family, will cause a gap between Nicholas and Arcady. Similarly in the text Blood Wedding, the text opens with a conversation between Mother and Bridegroom. The conversation leads to the topic of knives that involves the Felix family of which Leonardo is a member. The topic of knives foreshadows the violence and bloodshed that is to arise. The mention of the name Leonardo Felix leads to a small dispute between the Mother and the Bridegroom. Though the dispute is small, it hints of the trouble that Leonardo is likely to cause. In the text Fathers and Sons, when Bazarov has left with Arcady to go freshen up, Paul talks to Nicholas about Bazarov. We get the impression that Paul does not like Bazarov very much. Even though it may not be Bazarov's fault directly, we can see that his presence causes some tension in the family; it causes some change in Paul's mood. As we can see from the following quotation, Paul does not focus on welcoming Arcady, but he focuses on criticizing Bazarov. â€Å"Is he staying with us?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"That hairy creature?† † The use of the words â€Å"Hairy creature† are spoken with a tone of contempt thus creating an overall sense of tension and hostility. In the text Blood Wedding tone is also important for example when the Neighbour and Mother are talking, the Mother finds out that the Bride had a relationship with Leonardo. At the mention of the name Felix, the mother flares up in anger. It's not Leonardo's fault that he is a Felix but the fact that he is a Felix causes great anger in the Mother and a drastic change in her mood. The mother does not ‘welcome' the marriage with complete love and affection, but instead with hostility and animosity. In the text Blood Wedding there is a section where Leonardo, Wife and Mother-in-law are having a conversation. In this particular conversation the girl comes in and tells them what the Bridegroom is buying for the Bride. Leonardo is very rude and unpleasant. â€Å"What do we care† â€Å"Did I ask for your opinion? â€Å"Leave me alone† â€Å"Why can't you just shut up?† These are four of his lines in that particular scene. As we can see his words are very harsh, and he employs a very defensive tone, by the use of questions. He ignores his wife's pleas and just storms out of the house without a word to where he is going. It seems that Leonardo does not really care about his family at all. This indicates that Leonardo's family is breaking down; we can see abrasive feelings between Leonardo and mother-in-law. However, change is not always negative. In the text Fathers and Sons, Bazarov changes Arcady's family structure in a positive way. Bazarov persuades Arcady to accept an invitation meant for Nicholas. Arcady accepted and he went with Bazarov into town. While the two were having lunch at Eudoxia Kukshin's residence, she mentioned a name; Madame Odintzov. Bazarov was interested in Madame Odintzov, as she was described as very attractive; and Sitnikov said that he would introduce Bazarov and Arcady to Madame Odintzov. It is at Madame Odintzov's abode where Arcady met Katya, whom he ends up marrying. â€Å"†¦it was noticeable that Nicholas Petrovich had already become devotedly attached to her.† We can see that Katya has ‘fitted-in' with the Petrovich family. So we can therefore say that Bazarov is indirectly responsible for Arcady's marriage to Katya, hence changing Arcady's family. In the text Blood Wedding; after the bride and bridegroom have left for the wedding, only Leonardo and his wife remain. They have a conversation that shows distance between Leonardo his wife. Wife wants to go to the church by cart and Leonardo wants to go by horse. They have a short argument that is clearly symbolic of the unhappy, troubled marriage between the two of them. â€Å"WIFE: And I have no intention of going to a wedding without my husband. I can't take much more of this. LEORNADO: That makes two of us. WIFE: Why do you look at me like that? As though you had a dagger in each eye.† The wife says that she can't take much more of this, this signifying the marriage. Why can't she take more of her marriage? It is because of Leonardo. He has not been shown to be a very attentive husband, as depicted by his choice of words. The wife can't take much more of the marriage and Leonardo replies by saying that he feels the same. We would expect the husband in a marriage to counter the wife when she feels this way, however Leonardo just agrees with his wife. The fact that he can't take much more of the marriage shows that he wants to break free of the bonds of marriage. This is an implication of things to come later on in the text. Leonardo is implying that he wants a divorce or another wife, and by doing so he is proceeding to change his family structure. The metaphor used by the Wife (dagger in each eye) goes only to emphasise the distance and hostility felt by Wife from Leonardo as well as foreshadowing the violent conclusion of the play. Leonardo is still in love with Bride, and the wife is all that stands between him and the Bride. Thus he looks at the Wife in such a way that she might leave him alone. At the end of the text, Leonardo does achieve what he wanted; freedom to do as he pleases without worrying about the rules of society. However, this freedom came at a great price to Leonardo – his life. And it is through his death that he changed his family structure. Similarly in the text Fathers and Sons, Bazarov's death inadvertently changes his own family structure. After his first visit home, he leaves too soon; we see this has an impact on his parents, they are saddened and depressed. Bazarov's death finished the change; he was the centre of their life and now he is gone; it is no longer a family, just a husband and wife. His parents as shown when Arcady and Bazarov first visit Bazarov's home were once very lively and full of energy, and very excited and joyful. However, after his death (towards the end of the last paragraph of the text), we see Bazarov's parents as being very quiet and withdrawn. They no longer have that motivation (their son) to live. All they want to do is linger by his grave reminiscing over the memories they have of him as is shown by the quote: â€Å"†¦unable to tear themselves away from this spot where they feel themselves so close to their son and their memories of him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of hyperbole goes to show the extreme love that Bazarov's parents had for him and the extent to which their lives have changed now that he is gone. So in conclusion, we see that Leonardo and Bazarov do act as catalysts in changing family structure in their respective texts. Although they cannot strictly be called catalysts because they do not remain unchanged; their presence in the respective texts does have an impact on the characters, as well as the plot.

Expansion of England and the Civil War essays

Expansion of England and the Civil War essays Just as the atmosphere builds its energy over long areas of land and water, slowly accumulating potential energy, so was the expansion of England during the reins of James I, and Charles I. Then through years of expansion and change the storm of civil war challenged the Ancient Constitution. James I dressed in his dagger proof doublet began his rule of England with motivation and a positive attitude. He said I have entered the promised Land... But soon after he came into power, his poor financial condition, and his inability to adjust to English ways rather than those of Scotland, where perpetual hindrances to him. James regarded his ability to delegate authority as his strength, this worked well for him in Scotland, but the climate of English politics proved this a limitation to him. And his appointment of appealing young men to important position continually set him at odds with other powers that be. The huge debt left him by Elizabeth kept him continually in search of methods to finance his extravagance. During the time of Frances, boasting of revenues totaling around three million pounds, James was forced to make due with a million livres or less. This, in conjunction with nearly double inflationary figures of 1603, declining subsidies from parliament, and marginal rents from crown lands, perpetuated stress on the entire construct of the English political system. Another even more powerful force towards expansion was the looking outward of English businessmen and political figures to the colonial areas of India, the Americas, Barbados, and closer to home Ireland. Things changed in England, no more could ships be built with English timber and importation was a must. Spices where necessary to cover the rankness of putrid foods of the time. Tobacco was becoming addictive to mainland English, and a continuing rise in population was creating a demand for importation of food supplies. In 1599, the original ...

Micro economics individual project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Micro economics individual project - Essay Example This article published in New York Times on October 13, 2011 is titled as â€Å"Auto Bailout Done, Obama Looks for Payback† and has been written by Jeff Zelney.1 Though this article discusses mostly the political side of the Obama Administration and its plans to win the next election however, it critically links as to this has important economic implications too. After 2007’s recession, two industries were badly affected i.e. the financial services sector as well as the auto industry. US government offered bail out plan to some of the largest automakers in the country in order to make the industry survive the current wave of economic depression. Most notable beneficiaries of the Federal funding included General Motors as well as Chrysler. By allowing these organizations to have equity support, government actually attempted to correct the demand and supply balance within the auto industry. After receiving support from the government, auto sector responded through downsizing, cutting costs as well as improving their processes. It has been mentioned that the auto industry specially the bigger players in the market are responding to the situation and are slowly coming out of the recessionary conditions. This article therefore clearly mentions that with the help of the government intervention, industry survived one of the most difficult periods in its history. This article therefore clearly establishes the conditions in two different periods and how the government intervention can actually help organizations to correct the supply and demand mechanics within a free market economy. In order to reduce the market anomalies as well as lessen the impact of externalities, it is important that the government must intervene in the market. The timely intervention of the government in the market affairs therefore can gradually help the markets to

Apollo 1 launch catastrophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apollo 1 launch catastrophy - Essay Example One of the disasters that cost three men their lives was the catastrophe that occurred on the launch pad of Apollo I. Ironically, the accident occurred not in an actual space launch but in a simulation launch on Friday, January 27, 1967. Three astronauts, Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee, were on board the spacecraft, 012, by 13:00 they were seated on the couched in the spacecraft after their preparations were complete Everything leading up to the launch simulation had gone well. There had only been short delays due to the communications systems, but according to the astronauts and the technical crew the other systems had been faultless. All 1000 crew members, as well as the three astronauts, had been preparing for months, and the process was anticipated to go smoothly. The system and the spacecraft were in excellent condition. The knowledge and familiarity of the crew and the astronauts with the spacecraft was faultless. Only one other problem (apart from the communica tions systems) was anticipated: the environmental system had been faulty but was by then in good repair. One of the astronauts, Grissom, did report, though, that as they entered the capsule, a strange smell, like sour milk could be sensed. The astronauts were sealed into the capsule, and their biomedical sensors, communications systems, and the environmental control systems were checked.

The process of measuring and comparing service utilization Essay

The process of measuring and comparing service utilization - Essay Example The findings of the research indicate that most community mental health programs do not possess the relevant resources to build or buy the types of systems that would help to record notes about clients and the activities that they participate in (Dewa, Horgan, Russell & Keates, 2001). This means that it was difficult to have timely, consistent and accessible information for all community support and services which make it difficult to conduct the evaluations. The research does not provide adequate statistical data. Instead, most of the data provided is descriptive. Nevertheless, the findings have practical significance because of the value it has for program evaluation purposes and administrative purposes in terms of making key decisions on prioritization, planning and staffing needs (Dewa, Horgan, Russell & Keates, 2001).The authors considered all the relevant studies in the sense that they included information from previous researches and contributions from different authors in to the study in form of a background study. The consideration of the studies helped the researchers gain an understanding of the current states of affairs as they relate to the topic of study pointing out that most studies have not given it importance. The authors have discussed all the relevant limitations because they included a section on the challenges that they encountered and a table showing this. The conclusions are justified based on the results presented because the authors provide a conclusion.

Gender Differences in Computer-Mediated Communications Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Computer-Mediated Communications Essay â€Å"On the Internet, no body knows you’re a dog. † Herring (2003, p. 205) mentioned this caption of a cartoon bearing published in the New Yorker (July 1993). May be in this age with the internet evolution it’s hard to know it’s a dog, but what about distinguishing user’s gender in computer-mediated communication (CMC) is it easy or not. This essay tries to shade the light on some of these gender differences in computer-mediated communication (CMC). This essay gives an idea about computer-mediated communication (CMC) modes and the gap between CMC expectations and the fact that there are gender differences in CMC. Then it gives an idea about gender differences in traditional communication followed by exploring gender differences in CMC. First, it’s important to have an idea about CMC different modes. According to Herring (2003, p. 205), â€Å"computer mediated communication (CMC) comprises a variety of interactive socio-technical modes†. She gave some examples of these modes such as: e-mail, discussion lists and newsgroups, chat, MUDs (Multi-User Dimensions) and MOOs (MUD, Object Oriented), IM (Instant Messaging). Dalampan (2006) classifies CMC modes into: synchronous and asynchronous (Figure. 1). The synchronous mode requires communication in real-time. However, the synchronous mode doesn’t require interlocutors to be online at the same time. (p. 59) According to Dalampan (2006), the field of computer-mediated communication (CMC) continues to generate interest from sociolinguists who are concerned with whether the traditional gender differences in face-to-face interaction are carried over into online discourse (p. 59). The problem that all studies tried to investigate is the gap between earlier high expectations for CMC concerning providing an environment that creates equity and the fact that gender differences still existed even in CMC environment. Li (2006) saw that many educators and researchers had high hopes for CMC, believing that it provided more equal access to information and communication and would ultimately lead to greater equity. Also, Hendry (2001, p. 3) mentioned that earlier research in computer-mediated communication (CMC) found that CMC promoted social equity. She explains that this could be due to predictions by many researchers that CMC would democratize communication and mitigate gender differences. Despite these claims that the relative anonymous communication on the Internet would break down traditional gender binaries, research has identified gender differences in computer-mediated discourse, similar to differences observed in spoken discourse. (Herring, 2006) In order to determine whether the language used by males and females in computer-mediated communication (CMC) reveal gender related differences or not, many studies were conducted. However, according to Li (2006) research findings concerning gender differences in CMC are mixed. However, this essay will explore some of these gender differences in CMC in some related studies. Linguists have long recognized gender as a factor that may affect person’s linguistic productions (Baron, 2005, p. 8). â€Å"Sociolinguists have written extensively about stylistic differences they have observed between males and females in spoken and written language† (p. 4). Based on these previous studies, Baron (2005) mentioned some gender linguistic differences such as: females tend to use more politeness indicators than males, whereas males more frequently interrupt woman than vice versa; in general, women tend to use language as a tool for facilitating social interaction, whereas males are more prone to use language for conveying information; on average, women’s speech reflects standard phonological, lexical, and grammatical patterns more than men’s does (p. 8). Computer-mediated communication (CMC) has attracted more and more researchers’ attention as a due to the dramatic increase in the use of the Internet in recent years (Li, 2005, p. 382). According to Baron (2003) linguists and other scientists have been studying CMC for we over a decade (p. 4). The essay now will give some examples for gender differences in CMC. Herring (2006, p. 4) reported a tendency for women to be more polite, supportive, emotionally expressive, and less verbose than men in online public forums. Conversely, men are more likely to insult, challenge, express sarcasm, use profanity, and send long messages. Also, Baron (2003) listed some gender differences such as women tend to use more affective markers, more hedges, more politeness markers, and more tag questions. However, men are likely to use more referential language, more profanity, and fewer personal pronouns than women. (p. 9) A study conducted by Li (2006) showed that gender is a considerable factor in the context of mathematics and sciences learning using CMC. Concerning gender communication patterns, findings show males students are more likely to present their opinions and explanations, but less likely to make specific suggestions; whereas female students tend to ask for a lot of information, but are less likely to provide explanations or opinions. Also, female students tend to initiate conversations, while male students are more likely to enter the dialogue at later stages and respond to previous discussions. Li (2006) presented a meta analysis for some studies in gender differences in CMC. Her analysis provided answers for three main questions: first one, what are gender differences in users’ communication patterns in CMC? Results show that on average, female users had a significantly higher frequency of collaborative instances using CMC than males. Also, females had a significantly higher frequency of challenging others and were more personal oriented. Males, on the other hand, used more authoritative statements. Second one, to what extent do male and female differ in their interaction pattern in CMC? Results indicated that, on average, there was a small but significant gender effect on users’ participation pattern, male users had a significantly higher frequency of posting messages or having longer access to the Internet than female users, also, male users have better access to CMC environments. Third question, who would enjoy CMC environment, males or females? Results showed that, on average, there was a moderate but significant gender effect on users’ enjoyment of CMC. Male users enjoyed more CMC environments than their female counterparts. According to Bernard (1998), males tend to dominate group discussions, even when they are in the minority. They even tend to generate more aggressive and often caustic interactions to the extent that they often marginalize female communications to the point of being excluded from the CM interactions. Savicki and Kelley (2000, p. 817) examined whether men and women communicate differently using CMC. They found that gender composition of the groups is the variable that has the strongest relationship to communication style. Results found that women in small task group developed a significantly different style of communication than men did using CMC with other men. They explained that women in female-only groups were able to overcome the limitations of the text-only format of CMC with self-disclosure, use of â€Å"I† statements and through directly addressing their message to other group members. On the other hand, they found that men in male-only groups ignored the sociomotional aspects of group functioning and were more likely to engage in a collective monologue approach to discussion with the addition of mild flaming. Men in MO groups were less satisfied with the CMC experience and showed lower levels of group development. (p. 817) Herring (2003) (Baron, 2005, p. 15) found that on many-to-many asynchronous CMC mode (listservs and newsgroups), males tended to be more adversarial and to write longer messages than females, whereas females tended to be more supportive in their postings with shorter messages and more apologizes than males. On the other hand on synchronous many-to-many CMC mode (chat and social MUDs and MOOs), males were more aggressive and insulting, whereas female had more aligned and supportive discourse. By studying IM conversations of college students, Baron (2005) concluded that there are significant gender differences in IM conversations. She found that male-male conversations tend to be shorter and have more of a spoken character, while female-female conversations tend to be longer and have more of a written character. Males use more contractions than do females. (p. 14) On the other side, Dalampan (2006) added the context factor or dimension he concluded that males and females language use seems to be influenced more by the context of use than their gender this may be because both males and females in his sample were scholars so they were acting like scholars not as males and females. He also concluded that despite the claims of previous research that females used more linguistic qualifiers, hedges, and personal pronouns, the associations were not found to be strong. (p. 65) Another study conducted by Abdul Kadir and Din (2006) shows that there are no significant gender differences in CMC learning mode orientation and learning style. (p. 50) At the end, however research findings may appear to be mixed but findings showed that computer-mediated communication (CMC) couldn’t eliminate gender differences as expected after all it is another communication environment. These gender differences are somehow similar to gender differences in spoken and written language. Some findings didn’t show significant gender differences this could be due to other factors such as the presence of the instructor in the Dalampan (2006) study. Also, findings were different depending on CMC mode either being synchronous/asynchronous or one-to-one/one-to-many. References Abdul Kadir, R. Din, R. (2006). Computer Mediated Communication: A motivational strategy toward diverse learning style. Journal Pendidikan, 31, pp. 41-51. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://pkukmweb. ukm. my/~penerbit/jurnal_pdf/jpend31_03. pdf Baron, N. S. (2003). Instant Messaging by American College Students: A case study in computer-mediated communication. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. american. edu/tesol/Baron-SeeYouOnlineCorrected64. pdf Baron, N. S. (2005). See You Online: Gender issues in college student use of instant messaging. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. american. edu/tesol/Baron-SeeYouOnlineCorrected64. pdf Bernard, M. L. (1998). Gender Interaction Differences Using Computer-Mediated Communication: Can the Internet serve as a status equalizer?. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://psychology. wichita. edu/mbernard/articles/GenderInternet. html Dalampan, A. E. (2006). Gender Issues in Computer-Mediated Communications. TESL working paper, 4 (2). Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://web1. hpu. edu/images/GraduateStudies/TESL_WPS/10Dalampan_Gender_a17241. pdf Hendry, J. (2001). E-gender or Agenda: Are women getting what they want?. ANZMAC 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://smib. vuw. ac. nz:8081/WWW/ANZMAC2001/anzmac/AUTHORS/pdfs/Hendry. pdf Herring, S. C. Paolillo, I. C. (2006). Gender and Genre Variation in Weblogs. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 10(4). Retrieved March 16, 2008 from http://www. blogninja. com/jslx. pdf Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and Power in Online Communication. In: J. Holmes and M. Meyerhoff (Eds. ), The Handbook of Language and G

Gene Expression of Mitochondrial Enzymes from Exercise

Gene Expression of Mitochondrial Enzymes from Exercise Induced Change in Gene Expression of Mitochondrial Enzymes as a Result of Intense Exercise Abstract Exercise-induced changes in gene expression of mitochondrial enzymes has become a leading target for sports medicine research. Previous indirect testing of delayed-onset muscle soreness and changes in rotation of motion do not provide a sufficient explanation of the induced changes to the genome (Hubal, et al., 2010). Biomarker testing has allowed for detecting levels of proteins within a sample. Blood and serum levels, taken before and after exercise, have been analyzed and tested for changes in protein activity. Calf-raises show an increase in creatine kinase (CK) and aldolase (ALD) activities (Kanda, et al., 2014). MicroRNA arrays along with telomere extension mRNA arrays and quantitative real-time PCR on RNA taken from white blood cells have shown to down-regulate telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (Chilton, et al., 2014). Biochemical testing at the genomic level will provide a better understanding of the long-term effects of intense exercise. Knowing these high-intensity induced gene expressions in mitochondrial DNA aids in knowing what causes diseases such as Rhabdomyolysis. Introduction Centuries ago staying physically fit was accentual to stay alive. Those that were not fit were not able to kill prey and therefore would be less likely to survive. In today’s world, being physically fit is not a necessity, but rather something that many people strive for to live a healthy lifestyle. Living an active life lowers the chance of many diseases, such as kidney and Alzheimer’s, and cancers, such as colon and breast. It is therefore crucial to understand the biochemistry behind exercise as a helpful preventative measure for health problems. When exercising, the body is put through tasks that disrupt homeostasis. The body wants to eliminate wide spread deviants of homeostasis. However, after and during exercise the body needs more oxygen and energy to be able to complete the tasks one is putting on the body. These demands, the increase in affinity for oxygen and energy, require metabolic responses that disrupt homeostasis. To test these metabolic responses, many scientists use biomarker testing on whole blood and serum samples rather than pieces of skeletal muscle. Biomarkers are used to measure the presence of a physiological state. These markers have biological properties that measure the blood and serum. There are many different changes in the mitochondrial genome during and immediately following exercise. This paper will focus on an overview of some endurance training biomarkers, but will mainly focus on high intensity exercise and the induced gene expression in the mitochondrial genome. It is important to study the effects of exercise on gene expression to know at what levels of various genes, like lactate dehydrogenase, aldose, etc., come dangerous to human health as to prevention diseases such as Rhadomyolysis (Heled, et al., 2005). Proliferator-activated Receptors association with Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis Transcriptional cofactors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PGC) regulate gene expression (Lin, et al., 2005). PGC-1a regulates gene expression in the mitochondrial genome. This coactivator interacts with other proteins to regulate contraction. Overexpression of PGC-1a results in an increase in mitochondrial gene function (Lin, et al., 2002). Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (CaMKII), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and nitrogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) all have important signaling that help regulate PGC-1a (Hawley, et al., 2010). Calcium is important for energy due to its role in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Contractions of skeletal muscle are dependent on high levels of calcium. The calcium then binds to troponin, which moves the myosin fibers resulting in muscle contractions. Calcium also plays a major role in calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinases. Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (CaMKII) activation increases the transport of glucose in skeletal muscle (Rose, A. and Hargreaves, M., 2003). AMPK and MAPks activate PGC-1a, Figure 1, by phosphorylating transcription factors myocyte enhancer factor 2 and ATF-2, respectively (McGee and Hargreaves, 2010). Figure 1. Schematic of the Major Signaling Pathways Involved in the Control of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Mitochondrial Biogenesis (Hawley, et al., 2010). The right side of this figure shows the correlation of the AMPK, CAMK, SIRT1, MAPK pathways that effect PGC-1a which regulates mitochondrial biogenesis. Another inhibitor of PGC-1a is a deactelyase silent mating type-information regulation 2 homolg 1 (SIRT1) (HIgashida, et al., 2013). Since SIRT1 is NADà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ º-dependent, Figure 1, changes in concentration of NADà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ º change the SIRT1 activity in the cell (Gurd, 2011). Many studies have shown that the protein content of SIRT1 and the activity are independent, and that because of that it is thought that the SIRT1 activity is what subsidizes to PGC-1a activity (Gurd 2011). Test For Correlation between SIRT1 and PGC-1a. The following experiment was performed by Chabi and coworkers to examine SIRT1’s role in muscle during muscle use (Chabi, et al., 2009). Rats were placed into a control group and a running group. The running group were able to run on a loaded wheel. Weight was added to the wheel during weeks one through four, but maintained a 200 g weight from weeks five through eight. The plantaris (PL) and soleus (SOL) muscles were taken as well as the tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) for analysis. Once the proteins were extracted, the SIRT1 activity and deacetylase was found by fluorescence. A cycling assay was used to determine the NAD nucleotides. Immunoblotting was done to test expression of PGC-1a, cytochrome c, SIRT1 and GAPDH. SIRT1 expression showed to be the highest in the liver and slow-twitch muscle while PGC-1a immunoreactivity was highest in the heart muscle. This experiment did not show a correlation between SIRT1 and PGC-1a expression, like the scientists hoped, but it did bring up the question if SIRT1 activity is altered by acute exercise instead of high-intensity. Eccentric Exercise and Muscle Damage Markers The following was performed by Kazue Kanda and coworkers to see if eccentric exercise affects muscle damage markers (Kanda, et al., 2014). Participates in this study each performed right calf-raises on a force plate to add 0.5 Hz to each lift. With 3 min for rest, forty repetitions for 10 sets were completed with half of their weight along with the added force. Immediately following these muscle contractions, the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus were measured for tenderness using a FP meter. The meter rated based on a visual analogue scale from no pain to extremely sore. The ankle was tested for range of motion (ROM) along the dosiflexion position (-20 ) to the plantar flexion position (15). Both of tenderness of the calf and the ROM was tested at 24 h increments until 168 h after the repetitive muscle contractions. After 72 h the tenderness of the right calf increased significantly (p Subsequently, samples from the blood and urine were taken both before and at various times after the exercise. Various proteins, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), aldolase (ALD) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were tested from the serum. An Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test for fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP). The activities of CK and AST increased significantly post 72 h. The activities of ALT and ALD also increased for each sample, however, it was not significant. LDH activity had a significant increase at 96 h after exercise, but not really before. The results for ALD did correlate with the tenderness of the medial gastrocnemius at the 72 h mark and could suggest that ALD might be a better muscle damage indicator because the other proteins tested did not correlate with tenderness. The ELISA testing on FABP resulted in no detectable changes. This experiment used two methods of testing muscle damage and had correlated results for ALD. Exercise-Induced biochemical changes in Quadriceps and Gastrocnemius in Mice The following was performed by L. Toti and coworkers to see the changes in blood lactate as well as mitochondrial enzymes as a result of two different exercises; intense activity with recovery periods and moderate activity with no recovery periods (Toti, et al., 2013). Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the two muscle groups, the quadriceps and gastrocnemius, to see expression of enzymes correlated with oxidative metabolism. Mice were divided into three different groups based on similar maximal velocities. Mice with higher maximal velocities partaked in the intense activity: running at 90% for 2 min followed by 1 min of recovery. The mice with lower mamximal velocities partaked in continuous running at 60% velocity. Data was collected for 40 sessions, where each mouse ran a distance of 1000 meters. Blood samples were taken at sessions 1, 20 and 40. Blood lactate was tested and showed a decrease in both groups by session 40, with the higher-velocity group measuring significantly lower than the lower-velocity group. Immunochemistry testing resulted in an increase in response for the high-velocity mice for both the quadriceps and the gastrocnemius. This experiment showed that high-intensity training impacted the biochemistry more so than the low-velocity training. MicroRNA Expression and Telomere-Associated Genes After Acute Exercise The following was performed by W. Chilton and coworkers to see mechanisms the correlation between white blood cell (WBC) telomere length and exercise (Chiltion, et al., 2014). Participants in this study ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 80% of maximum oxygen uptake. Blood samples were taken before and immediately following the running as well as an hour post-running. MicroRNA expression arrays that could measure a whole genome, were used on the samples. TERT mRNA expression levels were then tested by qPCR. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA and Sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) were two of the genes tested. This experiment was able to show supporting evidence that the transcriptional regulation of key telomeric genes can be affected by exercise. TERT mRNA was upregulated as well as the SIRT6. The qPCR testing on TERT and SIRT6 showed the increase in binding miRNA. Chilton did express that the increases in both the SIRT6 and the TERT mRNAs could have been upregulations from the extra-telomeric pathways instead of just the telomeric roles since there was no definitive way to differentiate between the two in this experiment. It is important to understand exercise’s effects on telomeres and its corresponding proteins to gain an insight on how physical health improves telomere homeostasis, keeping the telomeres from getting too short and the cell dying. Chemokine Polymorphisms Association with Skeletal Muscle Damage The following experiment was performed by M. Hubal and coworkers to see if chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine receptor 2 (CCR 2) are associated with biomarkers after exercising (Hubal, et al., 2010). CCL2 is important because it recruits necessary items, such as memory T cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes, to inflammation sites in injured tissue. CCR2, the receptor molecule for CCL2, mediates with calcium mobilization. It is suggested that CCL2 and CCR3 play major roles in the repair of skeletal muscle damage. Participants performed two, 25 contractions, sets of elbow flexor muscle contractions in the non-dominant arm. It was crucial that the participants had constant maximal effort and stayed hydrated the 10 days following the exercise. Blood samples were taken and sent for genotyping. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to influence the level of CCL2 proteins were analyzed using PCR. There were four SNPs from CCL2 and three from CCR2 that should high phenotype associations. The minor allele found in the SNPs was correlated with an increase in damage. This study was able to show that variations of the CCL2 and CCR2 genes are related to muscle damage markers caused by exercise. Molecular and Metabolic Changes of High-intensity Interval Training The following experiment was performed by J. Little and coworkers to assess the molecular and metabolic changes of high-intensity interval training (Little, et al., 2010). Participants performed six cycling training sessions over the course of two weeks. Each session consisted of approximately 30 min of high intensity intervals. By the last sessions, the subjects were completing 12 intervals of 60 s high-intensity cycling followed by 75 s low intensity for recovery. Biopsies from the leg were taken before and after the two week training. The muscle lysates were taken for Western blotting and enzyme activity testing. Western blotting was used to test for glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), PGC-1a, and SIRT1while the mitochondrial enzyme activity was tested on cytochrome c oxidase (COX). The subjects improved in both time and power, about 10%, for cycling during the two week training session. COX activity increased by 29%. PGC-1a increased by approximately 24%, however, the protein itself was did not have any genetic changes. GLUT4 content increased by 119%, while SIRT1 increased by approximately 56%. This experiment showed some changes, due to exercise, in regulators that are important in mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusion There are many induced changes in the mitochondrial genome during and after exercise. These changes occur to help maintain cell homeostasis while the body is being put through stress during intense exercise. Blood and serum samples along with tissue extractions have provided a way to examine these changes and see how one is correlated with another (Figure 1). PGC-1a helps muscle contractions by regulating gene expression in mitochondria biogenesis. However, PGC-1a has many cofactors helping it. CaMKII, AMPK, and MAPKs all help in providing energy to the skeletal muscles by impacting the activation of PGC-1a. Although SIRT1 deactelyation inhibits PGC-1a, it still impacts the biochemistry of the body during workouts due to deactelyation. LDH activity was shown to increase hours after high-intensity exercise because LDH it is released as pyruvate is converted into lactate. ALD, which converts sugar into energy, was found to be a good indicator because in the calf-raises experiment the results from the biomarker testing as well as the tenderness testing correlated with each other. CCL2 and CCR2 were found to have changes in SNPs that corresponded to the high-intensity exercise and most likely aide in the recruiting of the memory T cells and dendritic cells to the injured tissue. High-intensity exercise, without time for recovery, would keep the body maintained at a stressful state of trying to bring it back to homeostasis. As proven in the calf-raise experiment, LDH levels decreased as the participants were able to come accustom to the exercises. The bodies were no longer in shock. If the bodies were did not become accustom, or the body was not given any time for recovery, the chances of obtaining diseases such as Rhabdomyolysis increases. Future experiments need to focus on what levels of these regulators will become dangerous. Research should be down to further understand the relationship between SIRT1 and PGC-1a. References Chabi, B., Adhihetty, P.J., O’Leary, M.F., Menzies, K.J., and Hood, D. (2009) Relationship between sirt1 expression and mitochondrial proteins during conditions of chronic muscle use and diuse. J. Appl. Physiol. 107(6):1730-1735. Chilton, W., Marques, F., West, J., Kannourakis, G., Berzins, S., O’Briend, B., and Charchar, F. 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